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An expert on parenting is addressing parents at the local grade school. When the topic of punishment is discussed, what is one outcome of punishment the expert is likely to note for the parents to consider?


A) Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively.
B) Punished children tend to do really well in school.
C) Punishment motivates the child to focus on schoolwork.
D) Punishment tends to increase the number of nightmares experienced.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Shannon is in the 4th grade. When the 11:30 bell rings, Shannon and her classmates will get up from their seats and go to the lunchroom. For Shannon and her classmates, the bell is a __________


A) discriminated variable.
B) stimulus.
C) conditioner.
D) neutral prompt.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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If you came home to your apartment in the very early hours of the morning and did not wish to wake your roommate by turning on the lights, you would likely rely upon __________ to aid you in avoiding obstacles in the apartment that might cause injury or noise.


A) modeling
B) a cognitive map
C) latent learning
D) insight learning

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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If a student studies very hard in order to avoid getting bad grades, this is an example of which behavioral principle?


A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) punishment
D) shaping

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

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The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called __________


A) operant conditioning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) effective based learning.
D) spontaneous recovery.

E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

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What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?


A) punishment
B) positive reinforcement
C) negative reinforcement
D) positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the __________ is the unconditioned stimulus.


A) presence of Alan near the aquarium
B) fish swimming to the top
C) aquarium light
D) fish food

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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Which strategy will NOT increase the effects of punishment?


A) making the punishment occur only on a partial, sporadic schedule
B) making the punishment consistent
C) using only the minimum level of punishment needed.
D) having the punishment immediately follow the behavior it is meant to punish

E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called __________


A) insight.
B) innate learning.
C) vicarious learning.
D) latent learning.

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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If a student studies very hard in order to get good grades, the good grade is an example of __________


A) positive reinforcement.
B) punishment.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) partial reinforcement.

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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A(n) _________ is anything that strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows.


A) operant
B) reward
C) reinforcer
D) punisher

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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This is a program that reinforces socially desirable behavior by administering "prizes" than can be later exchanged for desired items or privileges.


A) token economy
B) social learning process
C) latent learning
D) programming for insight

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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Which of the following statements accurately reflects the results of Watson and Jones' experimental attempts to remove Peter's fear of rabbits?


A) Peter lost his fear of the rabbit, but not his generalized fear of cotton, fur coats, and other similar stimuli
B) Peter's fear of the rabbit gradually intensified
C) Peter lost his fear of the rabbit and those things to which his fear had generalized
D) Peter lost his fear of the rabbit, but began to fear Watson and Jones

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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________ formulated the "law of effect."


A) B.F. Skinner
B) John Watson
C) Edward Thorndike
D) Ivan Pavlov

E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

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You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of __________


A) spontaneous recovery.
B) insight.
C) the formation of a cognitive map.
D) unconscious trial-and-error imagery.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

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After having first conditioned an animal to salivate to a tone, Pavlov found that without pairing with the food, salivation to the tone became weaker and weaker and then finally disappeared. This process is known as __________


A) spontaneous recovery.
B) shaping.
C) chaining.
D) extinction.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Thorndike was known for his work with ______.


A) a Skinner box
B) a puzzle box
C) modeling
D) monkeys

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?


A) a variable-ratio schedule
B) a fixed-ratio schedule
C) a fixed-interval schedule
D) a continuous schedule

E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

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