B) False
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A) Bees cultivate C. botulinum bacteria within their hives as a food source. This gets mixed in with the honey they make, and is ingested by infants they are given food containing honey. Adults seldom eat honey, so are not exposed to this organism.
B) The infant digestive tract is immature and is extremely susceptible to the effects of botulism toxin which found in the honey in relatively high levels. The adult digestive tract is immune to the effects of botulinum toxin because of M cells and Peyer's patches.
C) The spores of C. botulinum produce a strong endotoxin. This endotoxin has little effect on adults because their immune system is fully developed. Infants, however, do not have a fully developed immune system and therefore far more susceptible to the toxin than adults.
D) Honey can contain C. botulinum endospores. These may germinate in the intestines of infants that have eaten it, leading to colonization and pathogenesis as the bacteria begin forming botulism toxin. Adults' normal intestinal microbiota will out-compete the new microbes.
E) Honey can contain C. botulinum endospores. These may germinate in the intestines of adults that have eaten it. The bacteria are then sampled by M cells within the adult intestinal tract, leading to the development of botulism. Infants do not have any M cells in their tract.
G) D) and E)
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A) ticks.
B) black flies.
C) Aedes mosquitoes.
D) tsetse flies.
E) tsetse mosquitoes.
G) A) and B)
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A) is sterile.
B) has a small number of normal microbiota.
C) contains Gram-positive bacteria.
D) contains a small number of viruses.
E) has transient microbiota.
G) B) and E)
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A) People contract toxoplasmosis by ingesting oocytes discharged in the feces of acutely infected cats or inadequately cooked meat containing tissue cysts.
B) Toxoplasmosis is usually asymptomatic among healthy people, although some people develop sore throat, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes and spleen.
C) Toxoplasmosis occurs in two main forms-tuberculoid and lepromatous-depending on the immune status of the individual.
D) Infection of the fetus, especially during the first trimester, results in miscarriage, stillbirth, or birth defects.
E) Toxoplasmosis may cause encephalitis, brain masses, and other nervous system problems in immunodeficient people.
G) A) and D)
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A) Listeriosis suppresses the woman's immune system; she fails to make IgG that would protect her fetus.
B) Listeriosis causes significant signs and symptoms in pregnant women and may prove fatal because they cannot take medication while pregnant.
C) Bacteremia commonly occurs, resulting in infection of the fetus; miscarriage, stillbirth, or infection of the newborn can result.
D) Infants born with listeriosis are sensitized against the foods in which the causative agent is found, such as soft cheeses. They can never eat these foods.
E) Listeriosis in a pregnant woman usually leads to untreatable meningitis. Neither she nor her fetus is able to survive the infection.
G) A) and C)
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A) neuromuscular region.
B) spinal cord.
C) respiratory area.
D) brain.
E) cerebrospinal fluid.
G) B) and E)
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A) armadillos
B) chickens
C) mice
D) foxes
E) hawks
G) C) and E)
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A) non-enveloped AND single-stranded DNA
B) non-enveloped AND single-stranded RNA
C) enveloped AND single-stranded DNA
D) enveloped AND double-stranded RNA
E) enveloped AND single-stranded RNA
G) B) and E)
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A) From the mother's genital tract shortly before or during birth.
B) By inhalation of contaminated aerosol droplets after birth.
C) By ingestion of contaminated colostrum shortly after birth.
D) Through minor skin wounds such as scratches.
E) Via placental transfer of the pathogen from the mother.
G) A) and C)
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A) 1, 2, 3
B) 3, 2, 1
C) 2, 3, 1
D) 3, 1, 2, 3
E) 1, 3, 3, 1
G) B) and E)
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C
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A) There are effective vaccines to protect against viral meningitis.
B) Paralysis is a common sign of viral meningitis.
C) The causative agents do not survive well in the environment.
D) Transmission of the causative agent is by the fecal-oral route.
E) Recovery is seldom complete-permanent disabilities usually occur.
G) A) and D)
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A) vaccination of domestic animals.
B) avoiding inadequately cooked meat.
C) prophylactic antibiotics for cat owners.
D) filtering and chlorinating water.
E) vaccination of people and their pets.
G) B) and C)
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B
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B) False
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A) meningitis.
B) primary amebic meningoencephalitis.
C) African sleeping sickness.
D) AIDS.
E) primary amebic microencephalitis.
G) All of the above
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A) It is heat-resistant.
B) It is a neurotoxin.
C) It stimulates nerve to muscle signal transmission.
D) It causes spastic paralysis.
E) All the choices are correct.
G) C) and D)
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A) respiratory tract.
B) genitourinary tract.
C) gastrointestinal tract.
D) skin.
E) any of these.
G) A) and C)
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A) Infants seldom come into contact with these pathogens.
B) These pathogens are unable to colonize infants.
C) Infants are protected by maternal IgM against these pathogens.
D) Infants are protected by maternal IgG against these pathogens.
E) Infants are vaccinated against these pathogens.
G) A) and B)
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A) The disease is caused by eating spores that germinate into vegetative cells that produce toxin.
B) The disease is a toxin-mediated disease; it is caused by ingestion of food contaminated with botulinum toxin produced under anaerobic conditions by Clostridium tetani.
C) The disease is caused by eating spores that germinate into vegetative cells that produce toxin AND people with botulism die before they can transmit the disease to others.
D) The disease is caused by ingestion of food contaminated with botulinum toxin AND the disease is caused by eating spores that germinate into vegetative cells that produce toxin.
E) Botulism is a toxin-mediated blood-borne disease AND people with botulism die before they can transmit the disease to others.
G) C) and D)
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D
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A) hydrophobia.
B) hydrophagia.
C) tetany.
D) paralysis.
E) aquaphobia.
G) A) and D)
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