Question 1

Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)   latent learning.
B)   generalization.
C)   delayed reinforcement.
D)   shaping.E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 2

It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.

Accepted Answer

A)   primary reinforcement
B)   Generalization
C)   biological predispositions
D)   negative reinforcementE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 3

To get you to increase the frequency of your daily exercise, operant behavior specialists are most likely to recommend that you

Accepted Answer

A)   specify your exercise goals and inform some close friends of your goals.
B)   congratulate yourself even when you fail to fulfill your specific exercise goals.
C)   never reward yourself with a light snack after achieving specific exercise goals.
D)   avoid trying to keep track of exactly how much you have exercised in a specific weekly period.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 4

Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called

Accepted Answer

A)   respondent behaviors.
B)   prosocial behaviors.
C)   operant behaviors.
D)   conditioned responses.E) A) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 5

When children misbehave, some parents a use time-out, removing the children from their reinforcing surroundings. This practice best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   negative reinforcement.
B)   latent learning.
C)   negative punishment.
D)   extinction.E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 6

Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy's behavior reflects ________, whereas Jennifer's behavior reflects ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   spontaneous recovery; acquisition
B)   a variable-ratio schedule; a fixed-ratio schedule
C)   intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
D)   operant conditioning; classical conditioningE) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 7

Luana edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $25 for every three pages she edits. Luana is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)   fixed-interval
B)   fixed-ratio
C)   variable-interval
D)   variable-ratioE) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 8

Through language we often learn things that we ourselves have neither personally experienced nor directly observed. This best illustrates the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)   intrinsic motivation.
B)   spontaneous recovery.
C)   cognitive learning.
D)   operant conditioning.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 9

Elijah has learned to expect that whenever he studies diligently for tests, he will receive good grades. This suggests that associative learning involves

Accepted Answer

A)   respondent behavior.
B)   cognitive processes.
C)   primary reinforcers.
D)   intermittent reinforcement.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 10

Julio's mother has been giving him gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night. After about a week, Julio discontinued his habit of bed-wetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of

Accepted Answer

A)   primary reinforcement.
B)   classical conditioning.
C)   spontaneous recovery.
D)   operant conditioning.E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 11

Classical conditioning occurs most rapidly when the learner perceives the ________ to cause the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   US; UR
B)   CS; CR
C)   UR; CR
D)   CS; USE) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 12

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   generalization.
B)   secondary reinforcement.
C)   shaping.
D)   spontaneous recovery.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 13

Associative learning is best illustrated by

Accepted Answer

A)   intrinsic motivation.
B)   unconditioned responses.
C)   extrinsic motivation.
D)   classical and operant conditioning.E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Question 14

Most of the TV shows that 9-year-old Fred watches involve violence. This is most likely to lead Fred to

Accepted Answer

A)   react with a sense of distress at the sight of two children fighting on the school playground.
B)   perceive the injuries of victims of violence as less severe.
C)   be more inhibited about personally starting a fight on the school playground.
D)   overestimate the pain and injury experienced by victims of violent crime.E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 15

Five-year-olds copy senseless and irrelevant adult actions such as stroking a plastic jar with a feather before reaching inside the jar for a toy. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   spontaneous recovery.
B)   instinctive drift.
C)   negative reinforcement.
D)   overimitation.E) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 16

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the tone was initially a(n)  ________ stimulus; after it was paired with meat, it became a(n)  ________ stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A)   conditioned; neutral
B)   neutral; conditioned
C)   conditioned; unconditioned
D)   unconditioned; conditionedE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 17

To obtain a reward, a monkey learns to press a lever when a 1000-Hz tone is on but not when a 1200-Hz tone is on. What kind of training is this?

Accepted Answer

A)   Extinction
B)   Generalization
C)   classical conditioning
D)   discriminationE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 18

The process of modeling is most closely associated with

Accepted Answer

A)   operant conditioning.
B)   observational learning.
C)   spontaneous recovery.
D)   classical conditioning.E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 19

Some scientists have suggested that mirror neurons most clearly provide us with the capacity for

Accepted Answer

A)   spontaneous recovery.
B)   intrinsic motivation.
C)   intermittent reinforcement.
D)   imitation.E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 20

After receiving a couple of traffic tickets for speeding, Masako no longer drives faster than the legal speed limit. This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

A)   observational learning.
B)   negative reinforcement.
C)   spontaneous recovery.
D)   punishment.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Exam 7: States of Consciousness

Associative learning is best illustrated by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Luana edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $25 for every three pages she edits. Luana is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

To get you to increase the frequency of your daily exercise, operant behavior specialists are most likely to recommend that you

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the tone was initially a(n) ________ stimulus; after it was paired with meat, it became a(n) ________ stimulus.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Some scientists have suggested that mirror neurons most clearly provide us with the capacity for

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

After receiving a couple of traffic tickets for speeding, Masako no longer drives faster than the legal speed limit. This best illustrates the impact of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Elijah has learned to expect that whenever he studies diligently for tests, he will receive good grades. This suggests that associative learning involves

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Classical conditioning occurs most rapidly when the learner perceives the ________ to cause the ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When children misbehave, some parents a use time-out, removing the children from their reinforcing surroundings. This practice best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Through language we often learn things that we ourselves have neither personally experienced nor directly observed. This best illustrates the importance of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

To obtain a reward, a monkey learns to press a lever when a 1000-Hz tone is on but not when a 1200-Hz tone is on. What kind of training is this?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy's behavior reflects ________, whereas Jennifer's behavior reflects ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Five-year-olds copy senseless and irrelevant adult actions such as stroking a plastic jar with a feather before reaching inside the jar for a toy. This best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The process of modeling is most closely associated with

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Most of the TV shows that 9-year-old Fred watches involve violence. This is most likely to lead Fred to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Julio's mother has been giving him gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night. After about a week, Julio discontinued his habit of bed-wetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the tone was initially a(n) stimulus; after it was paired with meat, it became a(n) stimulus.

Correct Answer
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Classical conditioning occurs most rapidly when the learner perceives the to cause the .

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Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy's behavior reflects , whereas Jennifer's behavior reflects .

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