Question 1

Operant response rates tend to be ________ when linked to a ratio schedule rather than an interval schedule. Operant response rates tend to be ________ consistent when linked to a variable schedule rather than a fixed schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)   higher; less
B)   lower; more
C)   higher; more
D)   lower; lessE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 2

The more often Matthew is scolded following a temper tantrum, the more frequently he loses his temper. In this case, the scolding serves as a ________ for Matthew's temper tantrums.

Accepted Answer

A)   negative reinforce
B)   conditioned stimulus
C)   positive reinforcer
D)   punishmentE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 3

Which of the following is a form of associative learning?

Accepted Answer

A)   classical conditioning
B)   cognitive learning
C)   observational learning
D)   all of these types of learningE) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 4

Without conscious reflection, people often yawn when they observe others yawning. Researchers are now considering whether this can be attributed to

Accepted Answer

A)   mirror neuron activity.
B)   higher-order conditioning.
C)   latent learning.
D)   spontaneous recovery.E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 5

A neural stimulus is an event or situation that

Accepted Answer

A)   evokes an unconditioned response.
B)   signals that an operant response will be reinforced.
C)   triggers a conditioned response.
D)   elicits no response prior to classical conditioning.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 6

An empathic husband who sees his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. According to many researchers, this best illustrates the functioning of

Accepted Answer

A)   cognitive maps.
B)   spontaneous recovery.
C)   mirror neurons.
D)   extrinsic motivation.E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 7

Our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   respondent behavior.
B)   prosocial behavior.
C)   operant conditioning.
D)   observational learning.E) All of the above
F) None of the above

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)   presenting a positive stimulus after a response
B)   removing an unpleasant stimulus after a response
C)   being told that you have done a good job
D)   All of these are examples.E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 9

Which of the following are thought to become active both when people watch an action being performed and when they perform that action themselves?

Accepted Answer

A)   cognitive maps
B)   fixed-ratio schedules
C)   mirror neurons
D)   operant chambersE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 10

Learning is best defined as

Accepted Answer

A)   any behavior produced by an organism without being provoked.
B)   a change in the behavior of an organism.
C)   a relatively permanent change in the behavior of an organism due toexperience.
D)   behavior based on operant rather than respondent conditioning.E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 11

Conditioning is the process of

Accepted Answer

A)   discrimination.
B)   spontaneous recovery.
C)   learning associations.
D)   observational learning.E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 12

In classical conditioning, the NS becomes a ________ after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   US; CS
B)   UR; CR
C)   CS; US
D)   CR; URE) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 13

To quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use

Accepted Answer

A)   classical conditioning rather than operant conditioning.
B)   partial reinforcement rather than continuous reinforcement.
C)   immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers.
D)   negative reinforcers rather than positive reinforcers.E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 14

For purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of

Accepted Answer

A)   shaping over modeling.
B)   reinforcement over punishment.
C)   classical conditioning over operant conditioning.
D)   primary reinforcers over secondary reinforcers.E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 15

If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   operant conditioning.
B)   observational learning.
C)   respondent behavior.
D)   spontaneous recovery.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 16

Because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a(n)  ________ for crying.

Accepted Answer

A)   negative reinforce
B)   conditioned stimulus
C)   positive reinforcer
D)   unconditioned stimulusE) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 17

The type of learning associated with Skinner is

Accepted Answer

A)   classical conditioning.
B)   operant conditioning.
C)   respondent conditioning.
D)   observational learning.E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 18

Psychologists are currently debating whether our physical capacity for mentally simulating the observed behavior of others is due to specialized

Accepted Answer

A)   intrinsic motives.
B)   cognitive maps.
C)   operant chambers.
D)   mirror neurons.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 19

The law of effect was most clearly highlighted by

Accepted Answer

A)   Pavlov's studies of conditioned salivation.
B)   Garcia and Koelling's research on taste aversion.
C)   Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.
D)   Watson and Rayner's findings on fear conditioning.E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 20

A conditioned reinforcer gains its reinforcing power through its link with a

Accepted Answer

A)   mirror neuron.
B)   primary reinforcer.
C)   cognitive map.
D)   respondent behavior.E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Exam 7: States of Consciousness

The more often Matthew is scolded following a temper tantrum, the more frequently he loses his temper. In this case, the scolding serves as a ________ for Matthew's temper tantrums.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The law of effect was most clearly highlighted by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Psychologists are currently debating whether our physical capacity for mentally simulating the observed behavior of others is due to specialized

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following are thought to become active both when people watch an action being performed and when they perform that action themselves?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Without conscious reflection, people often yawn when they observe others yawning. Researchers are now considering whether this can be attributed to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Learning is best defined as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An empathic husband who sees his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. According to many researchers, this best illustrates the functioning of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is an example of reinforcement?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A neural stimulus is an event or situation that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a(n) ________ for crying.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Operant response rates tend to be ________ when linked to a ratio schedule rather than an interval schedule. Operant response rates tend to be ________ consistent when linked to a variable schedule rather than a fixed schedule.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

To quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The type of learning associated with Skinner is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A conditioned reinforcer gains its reinforcing power through its link with a

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

For purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Conditioning is the process of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is a form of associative learning?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In classical conditioning, the NS becomes a ________ after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Operant response rates tend to be when linked to a ratio schedule rather than an interval schedule. Operant response rates tend to be consistent when linked to a variable schedule rather than a fixed schedule.

Correct Answer
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In classical conditioning, the NS becomes a after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the .

Correct Answer
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