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Which of the following is a risk factor for exposure to crime?


A) Low-income city dwellers
B) Age
C) Race
D) Gender
E) All of the above are considered risk factors.

F) All of the above
G) A) and E)

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________ asserts that all members of society have the capacity to commit crime, but most are restrained by social norms.


A) Labeling theory.
B) Learning theory.
C) Control theory.
D) Normal theory.
E) Political theory.

F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

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______________ in volves a network of activities, usually cutting across state and national borders which range from legitimate businesses to shady deals with labor unions.


A) Political crime
B) Cyber crime
C) Visible crime
D) Organized crime
E) Occupational crime

F) A) and D)
G) C) and D)

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Which of the following statements does not reflect a major principle of classical criminology?


A) Criminal behavior is rational.
B) People who commit crimes weigh the costs and benefits.
C) Fear of punishment keeps most people in check.
D) Punishment should be tailored to each individual person.
E) The criminal justice system must be predictable, with laws and punishments known to the public.

F) D) and E)
G) A) and B)

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Acts against people in which death or physical injury results are known as:


A) occupational crime.
B) cyber crime.
C) property crime.
D) violent crime.
E) public-order crime.

F) None of the above
G) B) and D)

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The psychological and emotional affects of crime on a victim cannot be calculated, and so are not considered as a cost of crime.

A) True
B) False

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Ethan has been raised in a poverty stricken neighborhood with a single mother and five siblings. He has never met his father. He spent time in a juvenile facility for robbery when he was 13. His mother frequently told him he would never amount to anything and eventually he believed it. Ethan is currently awaiting trial for murder. With the information provided, scholars may also determine that this theory may alternatively explain Ethan's behavior:


A) control.
B) social process.
C) biological.
D) feminist.
E) critical.

F) C) and D)
G) C) and E)

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Of the following crimes, which crime are individuals theΒ  least likely to report?


A) Homicide
B) Motor vehicle theft
C) Rape
D) Robbery
E) Aggravated assault

F) B) and C)
G) A) and D)

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Lynn is a college student who became frustrated with the small amount of money she was making as an associate in a retail store. A friend suggested that she consider working in the "escort" business. Lynn later became a prostitute who catered to high-end clients. She is able to pay tuition and buy many of the items that she wants. Lynn was recently arrested during a sting operation targeting interstate organized crime syndicates, of which Lynn had become involved. Proponents of the lifestyle-exposure model would argue that, even though Lynn considers her activities as victimless, which of the following could be a negative result of her choice?


A) She could be charged with a felony.
B) Her age would affect the amount of money she would make.
C) Her reputation could be tarnished.
D) She dramatically increases her likelihood of becoming a victim of violent crime.
E) Since the actions are victimless her actions have no negative results.

F) C) and E)
G) A) and D)

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So-called "street crime" or "ordinary crime," which involves criminal acts that are the least profitable and least protected, is also known as:


A) political crime.
B) crimes without victims.
C) visible crime.
D) organized crime.
E) occupational crime.

F) B) and C)
G) A) and E)

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The concept that much more crime occurs than is reported to police is known as:


A) invisible crime
B) the dark figure of crime
C) lost crime
D) hidden crime
E) unreported crime

F) All of the above
G) B) and D)

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According to U.S. Department of Justice statistics, which of the following demographic groups is least likely to become a victim of violent crime?


A) Middle-aged Asian men and women
B) White female juveniles
C) African American men and women over 65 years of age
D) White men and women over 65 years of age
E) Men and women living on college campuses

F) A) and B)
G) B) and E)

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Which of the following statements concerning race and crime victims is true?


A) Most violent crime is interracial.
B) Whites are most likely to be victims of violent crime.
C) Most victims and offenders are from different social classes.
D) Whites are not fearful of being victimized by black strangers.
E) African-Americans and other minorities are most likely to be victims of violent crimes.

F) D) and E)
G) A) and B)

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Some states have eliminated education programs for inmates in their prisons. Which theoretical perspective would argue that educational programs in prison are beneficial? If prison programs are cut, what recommendations would a theorist in this field make for reducing crime among prison releases?

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The theoretical perspective that would a...

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What are the primary differences in the classical and positivist schools of criminology?

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The primary differences between the clas...

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Which of the following is true concerning the general fear of crime in American society?


A) Fear of punishment limits what perpetrators can do.
B) Fear creates healthy anxieties that keeps one safe.
C) Most Americans reject living in fear as a part of their daily life.
D) Television has desensitized Americans to the risks of crime.
E) Fear of crime is pervasive and costly.

F) A) and E)
G) A) and B)

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Assault, murder, rape and robbery are all examples of ___________ crime.

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Robberies and other visible crimes are among the least profitable criminal activities.

A) True
B) False

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The large numbers of crimes that are not reported is known as the ____________________.

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dark figur...

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____________ theories draw from multiple disciplines with differing perspectives to create a larger model for explaining criminal behavior.


A) Integrated
B) Strain
C) Control
D) Psychological
E) Life course

F) A) and C)
G) B) and E)

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