Exam 14: Infectious Diseases and the Immune System

A) They all expel contaminated material.
B) They all are somewhat acidic.
C) They all have antimicrobial materials in them.
D) They all have mucous membranes which trap pathogens.
E) They are all mostly closed to the environment.

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A) It was highly contagious.
B) It was caused by bacteria.
C) It was nearly always fatal
D) It was caused by contaminated water.
E) Outbreaks were especially common in downtown London.

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A) Each identifies one specific antigen from a foreign invader and attacks and kills the invader.
B) Each identifies one specific antigen from a foreign invader and binds to it so that cell can't reproduce.
C) Each identifies one specific antigen from a foreign invader and then triggers an inflammatory response.
D) They coat the surface of specific foreign invaders, making it easer for macrophages to eat them.
E) They recruit T cells from the thymus to attack and kill invaders identified by a specific antigen.

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A) Your skin is an effective barrier against bacteria you come in contact with.
B) Antimicrobial enzymes in saliva
C) Acid in the stomach
D) Mucous membranes in the digestive and respiratory tract
E) All of the above

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Water and ...

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A) Macrophages
B) Natural killer cells
C) Interferons
D) Complement proteins
E) B cells

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A) Generally, the flowing urine keeps the tract free of bacteria.
B) Urine contains antimicrobial enzymes.
C) Urine is slightly acidic.
D) There are few bacteria which are capable of attaching to the tract wall.
E) The "good" bacteria in urine keeps any pathogens at bay.

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A

A) They're easy to produce for any infection, so doctors can use them like medicines, and they only go after diseased cells.
B) They allow for a consistent supply of antibodies that target specific infections, so patients don't have to wait for just their own antibodies to build up, and they only go after diseased cells.
C) They are easy to produce and can target even cancer cells, but there are side effects on par with chemotherapy.
D) They're easy to produce for any infection, so doctors can use them like medicines, and they only go after diseased cells, but they don't last long so they constantly have to be remade.
E) They might be useful once they are approved for use in humans. So far the side effects are unknown.

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A) Detect foreign invaders
B) Enhance B-cell responses
C) Alert other T cells that there is an infection
D) Increase the response of cytotoxic T cells
E) All of the above

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E

A) There aren't antibiotics that can kill every pathogen.
B) Pathogens can become resistant to antibiotics over time.
C) If you kill off an infection with antibiotics rather than allowing an immune system to do it, there will be no memory cells to prevent future infections.
D) Not everyone can take antibiotics.
E) All of the above

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A) Kill it
B) Engulf and eat it
C) Engage helper T cells to fight the infection
D) Produce antigens to bind to the pathogen and memory cells to guard against future infection.
E) Produce antibodies to bind to the pathogen and memory cells to guard against future infection.

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A) He was looking for the bacteria that causes anthrax, and he happened to see another kind and was able to use it to infect mice with cholera.
B) He was visiting India and a doctor there told him about it.
C) He found it in the feces of cholera patients.
D) He examined the soil on farms in Ireland.
E) He became infected himself and found the bacteria in his blood.

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A) T cells
B) Macrophages
C) B cells
D) Antigens
E) Complement proteins

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A) They are engineered in the lab to behave like your own antibodies and can be used instead.
B) They are isolated from someone else and used as a supplement to the patient's own immune system.
C) They can be injected and will function like memory cells, preventing future infections.
D) They are concentrated from animals who have been infected with a particular disease and used to supplement a sick person's immune system response.
E) All of the above

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B

A) The BF was removed from chickens for another study, and when those chickens were injected with bacteria, it turned out they produced no antibodies which meant they were producing no B cells.
B) The BF was removed from chickens for another study and when they were injected with bacteria, it turned out they produced no antibodies which meant they were producing no T cells.
C) They observed that the BF grew rapidly in the weeks after chicks hatched, which would be just when an immune system would be developing.
D) They noticed that chicks without a thymus had no cell-mediated immunity.
E) Some of the chicks without a BF died when injected with bacteria, suggesting they had no effective immune system.

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A) True. The specific immune system has to be exposed to a few things to develop, and this takes some time.
B) False. Babies acquire antibodies from their mother in the womb and also from the earliest breast milk.
C) True. The thymus does not mature to produce functional T cells for about the first year.
D) False. Babies have a fully functional specific immune system from birth and can fight of disease as well as an adult.
E) True. Babies put so much energy into growth in their first year that their immune system simply doesn't have the energy to function for a year or so.

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A) Macrophages
B) Natural killer cells
C) Interferons
D) Complement proteins
E) B cells

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