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Exam 6: Mendelian Genetics in Populations I: Selection and Mutation

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Question 1

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In the study of Gigord and colleagues using Elderflower orchids,the allele frequencies of yellow and purple flowers varied such that when the yellow allele started to become rare,the reproductive success of purple flowers decreased and the reproductive success of yellow-flowered individuals increased in a process known as ________.

A) overdominance
B) frequency-dependent selection
C) underdominance
D) Hardy-Weinberg stabilization
E) frequency depression

F) C) and E)
G) C) and D)

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Question 2

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The probability that two mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by ________.

A) multiplying the probability of each individual event
B) adding the probability of each individual event
C) adding the probability of each individual event and subtracting 1
D) adding the probability of each individual event and multiplying by 2

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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B

Question 3

Multiple Choice

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The null hypothesis,which demonstrates that evolution is not occurring from generation to generation,is known as the ________ model.

List the five assumptions made by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle that are necessary to illustrate that evolution is NOT occurring from generation to generation,and provide a one- or two- sentence explanation of the importance of each assumption.

Discuss the experiments Cavener and Clegg (1981)performed in order to demonstrate that natural selection occurred by observing the cumulative change in allele frequencies in populations of Drosophila melanogaster that were subjected to high levels of alcohol.Be sure to discuss the methodology employed,and the significance of the Adhˢ and Adhᶠ alleles in reproductive success.

In large populations,the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle can be used to determine whether evolution is occurring.For instances where allelic frequencies are indicated by p and q,the resultant genotype frequencies are indicated by which of the following equations?

Chun-Hong Chen and colleagues (2007) designed a new gene that would carry a strong selective advantage and confer the resistance to malaria on free-living mosquitoes.The gene was termed Medea,and this acronym stands for which of the following?

Two processes that can maintain rare or deleterious alleles in populations are ________ [four words] and ________.[two words]

If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,which of the following statements is correct?

Chun-Hong Chen and colleagues (2007)designed a new gene that would carry a strong selective advantage and confer the resistance to malaria on free-living mosquitoes.What was the acronym given this gene,and what does the acronym stand for?

A hypothetical population has two alleles for a gene: A and a.In a random sample of 100 individuals,20 are homozygous for a,20 are homozygous for A,and 60 are heterozygous.What is the frequency of A?

Briefly describe the structure of compound chromosomes,and explain how their behavior during meiosis can be used to study underdominance.

An analysis showing the heterozygote superiority of the ΔF508 allele of CFTR demonstrates increased resistance to infections with the bacteria that cause ________.

If there were a high allele frequency for the CCR5-32 coreceptor,and the rate of infection with HIV was high as well,one would expect the frequency of the CCR5-32 coreceptor allele to ________.

A group of interbreeding individuals and their offspring is known as a(n)________.

Cavener and Clegg (1981) demonstrated natural selection by observing the cumulative change in allele frequencies in populations of Drosophila melanogaster that were subjected to high levels of ________.

Cystic fibrosis in humans is caused by a recessive loss-of-function mutation in a locus on chromosome 7 that encodes for a protein called ________.[five words]

Although selection tends to eliminate deleterious alleles from populations,these mutations often persist because they are frequently created again.The rate at which deleterious alleles are being eliminated by selection is exactly equal to the rate at which new copies are being created by creation is termed ________.[three words]

Explain the composition of the Drosophila melanogaster compound chromosomes used in the experiments of Foster and colleagues (1972),the mechanism by which these chromosomes segregate during meiosis,and the evolutionary implications of the strong underdominance that was observed.

The statistical test used to determine whether the quantitative allele frequency results of an experiment fall within reasonable limits,or whether the null hypothesis is violated and the measured outcomes are significantly different than those expected is called the ________.[three words]