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A nursing student is reviewing a research study in which researchers used pretest/posttest design to examine the effect of an AIDS education intervention on teenagers' knowledge level over a school year.What threats to internal validity could be present? (Select all that apply.)


A) Maturation
B) Selection effects
C) Reactivity
D) Hawthorne effect
E) Testing

F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

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The nurse researcher determines that all aspects of a study systematically and logically follow from the research problem.Which condition has been met?


A) Internal validity
B) External validity
C) Accuracy
D) Legitimacy

E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

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Why would a nurse researcher want to limit or eliminate extraneous variables in a study?


A) More research questions would be required to define the extraneous variable.
B) Extraneous variables compete with the dependent variable as an explanation of the study's outcome.
C) Extraneous variables compete with the independent variable as an explanation of the study's outcome.
D) Manipulation of the extraneous variables increases the risk for researcher bias in the study's outcome.

E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

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A nurse researcher wants to study the effect of a nutritional educational intervention on weight loss in obese adolescents.The researcher designs a study including a homogeneous sample,randomization,and consistent data-collection procedures.Which variable should these approaches protect from interference?


A) Nutritional educational intervention
B) Age range
C) Obesity
D) Weight loss

E) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

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How could a nurse researcher's use of a homogeneous population of subjects in a research study weaken that study?


A) Decreased reliability of the findings
B) Decreased generalizability of the findings
C) Increased number of subjects needed to reach statistical significance
D) Increased risk that the findings were the result of chance alone

E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

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When would the issue of control be less important in a quantitative study?


A) When a statistically significant analysis is used
B) When an exploratory research design is used
C) When an experimental research design is used
D) When a correlational research design is used

E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

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In a study investigating the effect of type of operating room mattress and surgical position on tissue interface pressures,the researchers used healthy young adult subjects.Which component of research design is most affected by this choice?


A) Internal validity
B) Mortality
C) Instrumentation
D) External validity

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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D

The nurse researcher is designing a quantitative research study.What is the overall purpose of research design?


A) To determine sample size
B) To identify the problem statement
C) To aid in the solution of a research question
D) To assist the researcher in identifying gaps in knowledge

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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C

How can a nurse researcher know that a research study has external validity?


A) External validity refers to the relationship existing between the independent variable and study outcomes.
B) External validity refers to the influence of a specific event on the dependent variable.
C) External validity refers to the degree to which extraneous or mediating variables interfered with the study outcomes.
D) External validity refers to the degree to which findings are generalizable to populations beyond those studied.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Correct Answer

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Which situation reflects a reactive effect?


A) Control subjects in an intervention study to reduce anxiety also experienced a reduction in anxiety.
B) The subjects in an intervention group continue the intervention after the study has ended.
C) Subjects become concerned after learning that they have received a placebo intervention.
D) Study subjects want to know the outcomes of the study.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

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The nurse researcher designed a study examining anxiety among elementary school children.If a widely publicized murder of a child occurred in the city during the time frame of the study,what type of threat to internal validity would the murder represent?


A) Maturation
B) Instrumentation
C) Selection bias
D) Historical

E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

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A nurse researcher assigns half of a study sample to an experimental group and the other half of the study group to a control group.What does this represent regarding controlling for mediating variables?


A) Data-collection constancy
B) Manipulation of the mediating variable
C) Elimination of the mediating variable(s)
D) Manipulation of the independent variable

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

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How would a nurse researcher ensure that the sample used in a research study is homogeneous?


A) Restrict eligibility criteria to limit extraneous variables relevant to the study.
B) Randomly assign subjects to either the experimental or the control group.
C) Assign one research assistant to collect all data.
D) Collect all data at the same time of day.

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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A

When should a nurse researcher include an extraneous variable as part of a study's design?


A) When it is nonmodifiable, such as age or gender
B) When it is an important consideration for the outcome
C) When the researcher is limited by time and monetary influences
D) When it would not make a difference in the overall study outcome

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

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A journal reviewer is critiquing a new quantitative research study that has been submitted for publication.In critiquing the study sections,in what order will components be scrutinized? A.Design description B.Research question C.Sample D.Data analysis E.Data collection


A) a, b, c, d, e
B) e, d, c, b, a
C) b, a, c, e, d
D) d, b, a, c, e

E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

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What about external validity would concern a nurse researcher regarding a research study?


A) The relationship between the independent variable and the study outcomes
B) Whether a specific event influenced the dependent variable
C) The degree to which extraneous or mediating variables interfered with the study outcomes
D) The degree to which the findings are generalizable to populations beyond those studied

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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Which factor is the measure used by a nurse researcher to keep the conditions of a quantitative study uniform?


A) Accuracy
B) Methods
C) Control
D) Validity

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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Which situation represents a threat to internal validity in an experimental study measuring the effect of a videotape of home-going instructions for patients being discharged after coronary artery bypass graft surgery?


A) Both men and women were included as subjects in the study.
B) Two new surgeons began performing the coronary artery bypass graft surgeries.
C) Patients in the experimental group discussed aspects of the tapes with patients in the control group.
D) Data collection took 1 year.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

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Why would the nurse researcher's administration of a pretest in a research study be of concern?


A) It is a threat to internal validity that may affect the posttest results.
B) It is a threat to external validity that may affect the posttest results.
C) It is a form of selection bias that contributes to the problem of maturation.
D) It is a form of maturation that contributes to the problem of selection bias.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Which action represents the nurse researcher's attempt at constancy in data collection to control extraneous variables in a study examining the effect of hormone replacement therapy on bone-density loss in postmenopausal women?


A) Drawing the blood at the same time of day for all subjects
B) Having the same phlebotomist drawing the blood from all subjects
C) Using the same room for drawing blood from all subjects
D) Ensuring that all subjects were postmenopausal women taking hormone replacement therapy

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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