A) England was the wealthiest country in Europe.
B) England's people were more willing to change the traditional ways of agriculture and craft production.
C) England's scientific and intellectual life was considerably more advanced than that of its neighbors.
D) England's government was the most responsive in Europe to the need for transportation and communication.
E) England's population was far more industrious than that of other European states.
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A) spinning jenny.
B) spinning mule.
C) cotton gin.
D) power loom.
E) McCormick reaper.
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A) The French and the British engaged in major road construction in the eighteenth century.
B) A boom in canal construction occurred in Britain and the United States between 1760 and 1820.
C) Steam-powered railroads began to replace horse-powered railroad in the 1820s.
D) The telegraph industry was first developed in the 1840s.
E) Most European railroad construction and administration in the nineteenth century remained in private hands.
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A) were a safe enterprise that guaranteed profitable returns.
B) provided insurance for deposits.
C) amassed considerable resources that allowed them to reject caution in their approach to investing.
D) proved vulnerable to nineteenth-century financial crises.
E) often concentrated their investments in a single industry to maximize profits.
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A) France.
B) Germany.
C) the Netherlands.
D) England.
E) Eastern Europe.
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A) led to the transformation of human existence in Western Europe.
B) was complete by the end of the decade after 1800.
C) happened at the same pace throughout Europe.
D) resulted from careful planning by its organizers.
E) all of the above
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A) The Industrial Revolution began in Britain.
B) The first country to which the Industrial Revolution spread was the United States.
C) The Industrial Revolution spread to France after the French Revolution.
D) Industrialization began in Germany in the 1840s and became phenomenal in the 1870s.
E) Russia began to industrialize in the 1890s.
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A) cotton textile factory owners.
B) canal builders.
C) agricultural capitalists.
D) railroad investors.
E) iron manufacturers.
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A) the middle class of Western Europe gained political power by the early eighteenth century.
B) landed power in Western Europe was quickly displaced.
C) by the end of the nineteenth century, bourgeois politicians shared power with the aristocracy in Western Europe.
D) in Eastern Europe, the aristocracy was very quickly displaced by the emerging bourgeoisie.
E) the industrial working class became the social pacesetter by the end of the nineteenth century.
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A) contributed to the wealth of a new breed, commercial farming landowners.
B) resulted in year-round work for poorer farmers.
C) was confined to England only.
D) required the locking of gates once work in the factory had begun.
E) was abolished with the manorial system.
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A) John Kay's flying shuttle.
B) Richard Arkwright's spinning machine.
C) Samuel Crompton's spinning mule.
D) Edmund Cartwright's power loom.
E) all of the above
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A) separation of families by age and sex.
B) a genuine popularity among the poor.
C) food and shelter for the poor.
D) assumptions that the conditions were severe enough to guarantee that only the "deserving" poor took advantage of them.
E) hiring out of the poor to manufacturers and farmers for very low wages.
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