Question 1

Why does increased capillary hydrostatic pressure result in edema?

Accepted Answer

A)  Losses or diminished production of plasma albumin
B)  Inflammation resulting from an immune response
C)  Blockage within the lymphatic channel system
D)  Sodium and water retentionE) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 2

Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Capillary hydrostatic
B)  Interstitial hydrostatic
C)  Plasma oncotic
D)  Interstitial oncoticE) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 3

A patient in the hospital has hypernatremia. What condition should the healthcare professional assess for?

Accepted Answer

A)  Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
B)  Hypersecretion of aldosterone
C)  Brief bouts of vomiting or diarrhea
D)  Excessive diuretic therapyE) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 4

A patient has a serum sodium level of 165 mEq/L. The healthcare professional explains that the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma are caused by what mechanism?

Accepted Answer

A)  High sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink.
B)  High sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels into the brain cells, causing them to swell.
C)  Low sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of the brain cells, which slows the synapses in the brain.
D)  Low sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by water, causing the brain cells to swell.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 5

Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Capillary hydrostatic
B)  Interstitial hydrostatic
C)  Capillary oncotic
D)  Interstitial oncoticE) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 6

Why are infants most susceptible to significant losses in total body water?

Accepted Answer

A)  High body surface-to-body size ratio
B)  Slow metabolic rate
C)  Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses
D)  Inability to communicate adequately when he or she is thirstyE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 7

Why is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia?

Accepted Answer

A)  Stimulates sodium to be removed from the cell in exchange for potassium
B)  Binds to potassium to remove it through the kidneys
C)  Transports potassium from the blood into the cell along with glucose
D)  Breaks down the chemical components of potassium, inactivating itE) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 8

A patient's serum potassium level is 2.7 mEq/L. Which clinical manifestations does the healthcare professional assess for? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Paralytic ileus
B)  Sinus bradycardia
C)  Atrioventricular block
D)  Dry mucous membranes
E)  TetanyF) A) and B)
G) All of the above

Question 9

During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?

Accepted Answer

A)  Oxygen
B)  Sodium
C)  Potassium
D)  MagnesiumE) A) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 10

A patient is admitted with hyponatremia. For which clinical manifestations would the healthcare professional assess? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Headache
B)  Seizures
C)  Paranoia
D)  Confusion
E)  LethargyF) A) and B)
G) A) and C) A, B, D, E

Question 11

Which statements regarding total body water (TBW)  are true? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  During childhood, TBW slowly decreases in relationship to body weight.
B)  Gender has no influence on TBW until old age.
C)  Men tend to have greater TBW as a result of their muscle mass.
D)  Estrogen plays a role in female TBW.
E)  Older adults experience a decrease in TBW as a result of decreased muscle mass.F) C) and D)
G) A) and D)

Question 12

An imbalance of potassium can produce which dysfunctions? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Weakness of skeletal muscles
B)  Cardiac dysrhythmias
C)  Smooth muscle atony
D)  Visual impairment
E)  Hearing lossF) B) and E)
G) A) and E)

Question 13

When changes in total body water are accompanied by proportional changes in electrolytes, what type of alteration occurs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Isotonic
B)  Hypertonic
C)  Hypotonic
D)  NormotonicE) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 14

A patient's electrocardiogram (ECG)  shows tall, peaked T waves. What lab value or assessment would the healthcare professional correlate with this finding?

Accepted Answer

A)  Positive Chvostek sign
B)  Serum potassium 6.7 mEq/L
C)  Nausea and vomiting
D)  Serum sodium 138 mEq/LE) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 15

A patient is admitted to the hospital with dehydration. For which signs or symptoms would the healthcare professional assess? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Moist mucous membranes
B)  Weak pulses
C)  Tachycardia
D)  Polyuria
E)  Weight lossF) A) and B)
G) C) and E) B, C, E

Question 16

Thirst activates osmoreceptors following an increase in which blood plasma component?

Accepted Answer

A)  Antidiuretic hormone
B)  Aldosterone
C)  Hydrostatic pressure
D)  Osmotic pressureE) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 17

A healthcare professional just administered a large dose of insulin to a patient. Which electrolyte value should the professional monitor as a priority?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sodium
B)  Potassium
C)  Calcium
D)  MagnesiumE) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 18

A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional correlate to this behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL
B)  Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
C)  Sodium 149 mEq/L
D)  Potassium 2.5 mEq/LE) B) and D)
F) All of the above B

Question 19

The pathophysiologic process of edema is related to which mechanism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sodium depletion
B)  Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C)  Increased plasma oncotic pressure
D)  Lymphatic obstructionE) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 20

A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional assess for hypermagnesemia as a priority?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hepatitis
B)  Renal failure
C)  Trauma to the hypothalamus
D)  PancreatitisE) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Exam 3: The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Why does increased capillary hydrostatic pressure result in edema?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A patient in the hospital has hypernatremia. What condition should the healthcare professional assess for?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A patient has a serum sodium level of 165 mEq/L. The healthcare professional explains that the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma are caused by what mechanism?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why are infants most susceptible to significant losses in total body water?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A patient's serum potassium level is 2.7 mEq/L. Which clinical manifestations does the healthcare professional assess for? (Select all that apply.)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A patient is admitted with hyponatremia. For which clinical manifestations would the healthcare professional assess? (Select all that apply.)

Correct AnswerverifiedA, B, D, E

Which statements regarding total body water (TBW) are true? (Select all that apply.)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An imbalance of potassium can produce which dysfunctions? (Select all that apply.)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When changes in total body water are accompanied by proportional changes in electrolytes, what type of alteration occurs?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A patient's electrocardiogram (ECG) shows tall, peaked T waves. What lab value or assessment would the healthcare professional correlate with this finding?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A patient is admitted to the hospital with dehydration. For which signs or symptoms would the healthcare professional assess? (Select all that apply.)

Correct AnswerverifiedB, C, E

Thirst activates osmoreceptors following an increase in which blood plasma component?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A healthcare professional just administered a large dose of insulin to a patient. Which electrolyte value should the professional monitor as a priority?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional correlate to this behavior?

Correct AnswerverifiedB

The pathophysiologic process of edema is related to which mechanism?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional assess for hypermagnesemia as a priority?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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A, B, D, E

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B, C, E

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B

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