A) Asia has cultural and religious traditions that encourage conformity and obedience, making it less receptive to democracy.
B) Asia has cultural and religious traditions that encourage individualism and free expression, making it more receptive to democracy.
C) Asian cultural and religious traditions encourage a brand of authoritarianism that tends to be more personalistic.
D) Asian cultural and religious traditions lead to authoritarian regimes that are typically less violent.
E) Asian values tend to discourage the formation of a middle class, which restricts democratic institutions.
G) A) and C)
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A) China
B) Jordan
C) Iran
D) Thailand
E) Russia
G) C) and D)
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A) Civil society always promotes democracy and opposes nondemocratic rule.
B) Elimination of civil society by nondemocratic regimes can sometimes encourage populist ideology.
C) Nondemocratic regimes often seek to empower and expand civil society.
D) Nondemocratic regimes wield such power that civil society is irrelevant.
E) Nondemocratic regimes attempt to eliminate the idea of the state as an arena for social organization.
G) A) and D)
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A) coup de grâce
B) coup d'état
C) regime disruption
D) military usurpation
E) armed politics
G) A) and B)
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A) neocorporatism.
B) corporatism.
C) clientelism.
D) rent-seeking.
E) kickbacks.
G) A) and C)
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B
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A) Clientelism involves the military as well as business, rather than business groups only.
B) Clientelism relies on individual patronage rather than on large organizations.
C) Clientelism requires a more structured set of sanctioned and licensed organizations.
D) Clientelism has kickbacks and bribes at its disposal as tools for developing support.
E) Clientelism tends to replace individual corporations with state-sanctioned ones.
G) A) and E)
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A) patrimonial regime
B) hybrid regime
C) military rule
D) clientist regime
E) corporatist regime
G) C) and D)
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A) Abundant resources often free those in power from the need to tax the people.
B) The act of heavy taxation in resource-rich countries inspires resentment by the people, which in turn forces authoritarian crackdowns.
C) Relatively few resource-rich countries have remained or become undemocratic.
D) The portability of natural resources contributes to the desire of elites to hang on to power.
E) Abundant natural resources in a country are typically tied to ideological or religious rule, which encourages undemocratic governing structures.
G) C) and D)
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A) illiberal or hybrid regimes.
B) crypto-democracies.
C) subdemocracies.
D) democratic tyrannies.
E) demarches.
G) A) and B)
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A) patrimonialism
B) rational-legal legitimacy
C) bureaucratic authoritarianism
D) personality cult
E) theocracy
G) C) and E)
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A) Populist movements are often led by a charismatic leader.
B) Populism draws much of its power from an institutional approach.
C) Populism is a specific ideology most closely associated with clientelism.
D) Populist movements rely heavily on elites and established institutions for legitimacy.
E) Populism commonly relies on a robust civil society.
G) A) and C)
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A) Countries under military rule, either current or historic, have yet to demonstrate any period of sustained economic growth.
B) In some cases of military rule, economic growth has been high, but in many more cases it has led to instability and poor development.
C) Some cases of military rule have led to instability and violence, but in many more cases they have led to high economic growth.
D) Military rule produced high levels of economic growth in Latin America but not in Asia.
E) In almost every case, military rule has emphasized agriculture over industrialization.
G) B) and E)
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A) only the military can restore public pride.
B) only the military can defend the country from invasion.
C) only technocratic leadership can rise above "irrational" politics.
D) civilians are inferior to the officer corps.
E) only the educated should be given the right to rule.
G) C) and E)
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Authoritarian rule can be seen as legitimate in the eyes of those who support it, as it may provide stability, order, and a sense of security. However, from a broader perspective, authoritarian rule is often seen as illegitimate because it restricts individual freedoms, suppresses dissent, and can lead to human rights abuses.
While democracy is often seen as the ideal form of government, it is important to consider that not all societies may be ready or willing to transition to a democratic system. Additionally, some argue that certain cultures or regions may have different values and priorities that may not align with democratic principles.
That being said, the promotion of democracy as a goal can have both benefits and potential dangers. The benefits include the protection of individual rights, the promotion of equality, and the potential for peaceful conflict resolution. However, the potential dangers include the imposition of Western values on non-Western societies, the destabilization of regions unprepared for democratic governance, and the potential for exploitation by external powers.
Ultimately, the question of whether all people should live under democracy is complex and requires careful consideration of the specific context and circumstances of each society. It is important to promote democratic principles while also respecting the autonomy and agency of different cultures and societies.
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A) one-party rule
B) hybrid regimes
C) quasidemocracy
D) patrimonialism
E) illiberalism
G) A) and C)
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Authoritarianism is often perceived as a more efficient means of rule than democracy because it allows for quick decision-making and implementation of policies without the need for lengthy debates and consensus-building. In authoritarian regimes, power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or a small group of individuals, which can lead to more streamlined governance and the ability to enact changes rapidly.
However, while authoritarianism may appear efficient in the short term, it often comes at the cost of individual freedoms, human rights, and the potential for abuse of power. Without the checks and balances provided by democratic processes, there is a higher risk of corruption, oppression, and lack of accountability within authoritarian regimes.
Additionally, authoritarianism can stifle innovation and creativity, as dissenting voices are often silenced and critical thinking is discouraged. In contrast, democratic processes allow for diverse perspectives and ideas to be considered, leading to more comprehensive and inclusive decision-making.
That being said, there are some potential benefits that authoritarianism can offer over democratic processes. For example, in times of crisis or emergency, an authoritarian government may be able to act more decisively and mobilize resources more efficiently than a democratic government, which may be bogged down by bureaucratic processes and political gridlock.
In conclusion, while authoritarianism may appear to be more efficient on the surface, it ultimately comes with significant drawbacks and risks. Democracy, despite its challenges, provides a more balanced and sustainable approach to governance that respects individual rights and promotes long-term stability and prosperity.
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A) Nondemocratic regimes are never legitimate in the eyes of the public.
B) Nondemocratic regimes are never legitimate in the eyes of the international community.
C) Nondemocratic regimes may enjoy the same level of institutionalization as any democratic regime.
D) Nondemocratic regimes almost always trade away stability in order to gain a high degree of legitimacy.
E) Nondemocratic regimes were only considered legitimate before the advent of industrialization.
G) A) and C)
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A) co-optation.
B) integration.
C) dependency.
D) acculturation.
E) verticality.
G) B) and E)
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