A) 1910
B) 1920
C) 1930
D) 1940
E) 1950
G) D) and E)
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The denial of the right to vote for Afri...View Answer
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Grandfather clauses were provisions adop...View Answer
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A) First Amendment
B) Interstate Commerce Clause
C) Second Amendment
D) Fifteenth Amendment
E) Twenty-first Amendment
G) B) and D)
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B) False
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A) Discrimination against women
B) Voting rights
C) Reverse discrimination
D) Civil Rights Act of 1964
E) Housing and public accommodations
G) B) and D)
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A) the interpretation and application of the Constitution.
B) only actions against the federal government.
C) the interpretation of the statute laws.
D) only actions against the state governments.
E) interpretation of the Bill of Rights only.
G) A) and B)
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A) City of Richmond v.J.A.Croson Co.
B) Plessy v.Ferguson
C) Brown v.Board of Education of Topeka
D) Shelly v.Kraemer
E) Sweatt v.Painter
G) A) and B)
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A) City of Richmond v.J.A.Croson Co.
B) Plessy v.Ferguson
C) Brown v.Board of Education of Topeka
D) Shelly v.Kraemer
E) Miller v.California
G) All of the above
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A) Government cannot make distinctions based on race or citizenship under any circumstance because they are considered suspect classifications.
B) The Supreme Court has held that race is a suspect classification but age and gender are not.
C) The government can make distinctions based on suspect classifications only if it can demonstrate "compelling interest" for such actions.
D) The 1964 Civil Rights Act invalidated the suspect classifications doctrine.
E) The Voting Rights Act invalidated the suspect classifications doctrine.
G) B) and D)
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C
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The Civil Rights Cases of 1883 were a se...View Answer
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A) Shelly v.Kraemer
B) Swann v.Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
C) Heart of Atlanta Motel v.United States
D) Brown v.Board of Education of Topeka
E) Plessy v.Ferguson
G) A) and E)
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B
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B) False
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B) False
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B) False
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The Supreme Court of the United States has addressed the issue of the use of citizen status in access to professions and education in several landmark cases, often focusing on the balance between states' rights to regulate professions and the rights of individuals, including non-citizens. Here are some key cases and principles that have emerged from the Court's rulings:
1. **Plyler v. Doe (1982)**: In this case, the Supreme Court struck down a Texas statute that denied funding for education to undocumented immigrant children and allowed local school districts to deny them enrollment. The Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits states from denying a free public education to children, regardless of their immigration status. This case established that children cannot be barred from public education based on their citizenship status.
2. **Takao Ozawa v. United States (1922)**: While not directly about access to professions or education, this case is significant in the context of citizenship and rights. The Supreme Court held that a Japanese man was ineligible for naturalization because he was not "white" or of African descent, which were the only racial categories eligible for naturalization at the time. This ruling had implications for access to certain rights and professions that were tied to citizenship status.
3. **United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923)**: Similarly, in this case, the Supreme Court ruled that an Indian man was ineligible for naturalization because he was not considered "white," despite being Caucasian by the anthropological definition. This decision also affected access to certain rights and professions for non-citizens.
4. **Toll v. Moreno (1982)**: The Supreme Court invalidated a University of Maryland policy that required students who were not permanent residents to pay out-of-state tuition. The Court held that the policy violated the Equal Protection Clause because it imposed burdens on a particular class of people, in this case, non-permanent resident students.
5. **Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action (2014)**: This case did not directly address citizenship status but rather the broader issue of considering race in university admissions. The Court upheld the state of Michigan's ban on affirmative action in public university admissions, emphasizing the state's right to determine its policies in this area. While this case is about race rather than citizenship, it reflects the Court's approach to state discretion in education policy.
6. **In re Griffiths (1973)**: The Supreme Court held that a state could not bar a resident alien from practicing law solely because of her status as a non-citizen. The Court found that such a bar violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
These cases illustrate that the Supreme Court has generally been protective of the rights of non-citizens in the context of education and, to a lesser extent, in the context of professions. However, the Court has also recognized the rights of states to regulate professions and education within their borders, provided that such regulations do not discriminate based on impermissible criteria such as race or violate other constitutional protections. It's important to note that the legal landscape is subject to change, and new rulings can modify or clarify these principles.
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A) discrimination in hiring and promoting employees in the private sector.
B) sexual harassment in the workplace.
C) gender discrimination in programs at institutions that receive federal funds.
D) females from taking jobs in the military where they are likely to see combat.
E) federal dollars from being spent at all colleges that are not coed.
G) B) and C)
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A) Poll taxes
B) Literacy tests
C) The Voting Rights Act
D) White primaries
E) Grandfather clauses
G) B) and D)
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In the landmark case University of Calif...View Answer
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A) It was a test case brought forward by the NAACP.
B) It concerned the constitutionality of a Kansas law that required racial segregation of public schools.
C) The Supreme Court ruled that laws that require separate facilities for whites and blacks are inherently unequal.
D) It led to the eventual integration of public schools across the United States.
E) It reaffirmed the finding in the case of Plessy v.Ferguson.
G) A) and E)
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