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Exam 19: Nuclear Chemistry: Applications to Energy and Medicine

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Question 81

Multiple Choice

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Which of the following are devices that can be used to detect or measure radioactivity levels?

A) scintillation counters
B) chromatographs
C) Geiger counters
D) both A and C
E) both B and C

F) A) and C)
G) All of the above

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Question 82

Multiple Choice

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When a nucleus undergoes radioactive decay, the new mass number is ________

A) always less than the original mass number.
B) always the same as the original mass number.
C) always more than the original mass number.
D) never less than the original mass number.
E) never more than the original mass number.

F) B) and E)
G) B) and C)

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Question 83

Multiple Choice

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Which graph below illustrates  decay?

Why is a nuclear power plant not in danger of producing a nuclear explosion?

Fill in the missing nuclide to balance the following nuclear equation.

It is interesting to compare the energy produced by fusion to that produced by combustion. When carbon burns to produce carbon dioxide, 395 kJ/mol of energy is released. Approximately how much greater is the energy per mole of deuterium that is released in the following fusion process: ²H  ²H  ⁴He? The atomic masses are 2.0104 g/mol for deuterium and 4.0026 g/mol for helium. Be sure to keep track of the units and get them correct; remember, 1 kJ = 1,000 kg m²/s².

The first step in the disintegration of uranium is . What particle is emitted in this reaction?

Which graph below illustrates positron emission?

Hydrogen fusion always produces ________

Uranium-235 is the fuel in nuclear power plants. When a nucleus of uranium-235 captures a neutron, the nucleus splits into two lighter nuclei and initiates a chain reaction. The chain reaction is driven by the emission of ________

Which type of radiation does the most tissue damage, but only when the emitter is internally ingested?

Which of the following units is used to quantify the biological effects of radiation?

The half-life of a radioactive isotope is 1.0 minute. In an experiment, the number of decay events was monitored in 1-minute intervals over a 5-minute period. What would you predict for the most likely observations if 50 decay events were observed in the first minute? In the second minute, ________ events were observed, and in the last minute, ________ events were observed.

Identify the process that converts a neutron into a proton.

Which graph below illustrates neutron capture followed by decay?

Calculate the nuclear binding energy per nucleon for the beryllium-8 isotope. Here are some helpful data:

The activity of a radioactive sample is the number of decay events per second. The SI unit of activity is the becquerel (1 Bq = 1/s). An older unit for activity is the curie (1 Ci = 3.70  10¹⁰/s). What is the activity in  Ci of a sample with an activity of 2.1 10⁵ Bq of radiation?

Which statement A-D, regarding the activity of a radioactive sample, is not correct?

In 1989, two prominent electrochemists, Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann, erroneously proposed that they had observed cold fusion, which was the term used to describe anomalously high energy generation associated with the electrolysis of deuterium oxide (D₂O or heavy water) . Calculate the energy released when deuterium nuclides (2.013553 u) combine to produce 1 mol of helium nuclide (4.001506 u) . (u = atomic mass unit)

The dominant mechanism through which radiation damages biological tissue and living organisms is by ________